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句型转换。1. Her mother often made her clean her bedroom. (同义句) Sheoftenher bedroom by her mother. 2. We used to keep the classroom clean. (一般疑问句)yo-九年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-01-06 00:00:00  互联网

题文

句型转换。
1. Her mother often made her clean her bedroom. (同义句)
    She               often                                             her bedroom by her mother.
2. We used to keep the classroom clean. (一般疑问句) 
                  you                to keep the classroom clean?
3. I suppose Class Three won't win the basket match (连成一句)
    I                               Class Three                               the basket match
4. Mary's passed the English test,                            ? (反义疑问句)
5. He didn't catch the early bus, he felt unhappy. (同义句)
                  the early bus made               unhappy.
题型:句型转换  难度:中档

答案

1. was made to clean  2. Did …use  3. don't suppose …will win  4. hasn't she  5. Missing him

据专家权威分析,试题“句型转换。1. Her mother often made her clean her bedroom. ..”主要考查你对  被动语态,动名词,一般疑问句,反意疑问句,宾语从句  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

被动语态动名词一般疑问句反意疑问句宾语从句

考点名称:被动语态

  • 语态:
    是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
    语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
    如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
    如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。

  • 被动语态的构成:
    被动语态的基本结构:
    主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
    ① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
    如:Trees are planted every year.
    ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
    如:The road is being repaired. 
    ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
    如:The work has been finished.
    ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
    如:The story was told by him.
    Many birds were killed last year.
    ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
    如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
    ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
    如: He told me that the work had been finished.
    ⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
    如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
    ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
    如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
    ⑨情态动词的被动语态
    情态动词+ be +过去分词    
    如:The problem must be solved soon.
    Children should be taught to love animals.

  • 被动语态使用注意:
    1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
    What will happen in 100 years.
    The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
    2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
    This pen writes well.
    This new book sells well.
    3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
    例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
    see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
    A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
    The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
    4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
    He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
    He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
    My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
    5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
    We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
    He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
    The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
    构成be+done.

  • 主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
    ①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
    ②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
    ③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
    ④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

    不用于被动语态的情形:
    ①不及物动词没有被动语态
    这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
    例如:A fire broke out during the night.
    ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
    这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
    例如:My shoes do not fit me.
    ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
    例如:We should help each other.

    关于主动形式表示被动意义:
    ①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
    例如:The building looks very beautiful.
    ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
    例如:The book sells well.
    ③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
    例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
    ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
    例如:Who is to blame?
    ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
    例如:The book is difficult to understand.
    ⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
    例如:Do you have time to help us?
    ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
    例如:The writing is too faint to read.
    ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
    例如:This movie is worth seeing.
    ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
    例如:The house needs cleaning.

    表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
    ①It is said that...句式
    例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
    ②There is said that...句式 
    例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
    ③sb./sth.is said that...句式
    例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.

  • 被动语态各时态构成 :

    时态

    被动语态 

    一般现在时

    am/is/are+过去分词

    一般过去时

    was/were+过去分词

    现在进行时

    am/is/are being+过去分词

    过去进行时

    was/were being+过去分词

    一般将来时

    will be+过去分词

    过去将来时

    would be+过去分词

    现在完成时

    have/has been+过去分词

    过去完成时

    had been+过去分词

    情态动词

    情态动词be+过去分词

  • 情态动词的被动语态:
    一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
    初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
    分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

    二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
    (一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
    Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
    Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
    (二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
    Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
    Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
    (三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
    Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
    Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
    (四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
    Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

    三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
    但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
    —Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
    —Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
    —Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
    —Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
    —Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
    —Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)

考点名称:动名词

  • 动名词:
    如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
    它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
    由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
    动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

  • 动名词的结构和形式:
    动名词的否定结构:
    动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
    Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
    He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
    I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
    He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
    I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
    (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
    There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
    (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

    动名词复合结构:
    通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
    (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
    Do you think my going there will be of any help?
    你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
    The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
    这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
    Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
    They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
    他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
    (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
    Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
    你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
    Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
    我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
    (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
    She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
    她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

    动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
    (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
    We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
    His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
    但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
    I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
    On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
    Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
    Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
    (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
    He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
    We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
    (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
    I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
    She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
    The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
    He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。

  • 动名词与现在分词的关系:
    动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
    这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
    它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
    例如:
    Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
    (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
    She hates speaking in the public.
    (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

    动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
    ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
    My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
    ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
    The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
    2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
    动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
    ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
    前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
    而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
    ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
    前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
    而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。

  • 动名词用法口诀:
    动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
    Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
    用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
    用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
    用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
    否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
    说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

    动名词的用法:
    一、动名词作主语 
    1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
         Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
    2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
    动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
    It is no use telling him not to worry.   
    常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
    注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
    3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
    There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
    4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
    No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
    No parking. (禁止停车)   
    5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
    当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
    (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
    动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
    Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

    二、动名词作宾语
    1.作动词的宾语   
    某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
    admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
    They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
    I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
    Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
    每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
    2.作介词的宾语   
    We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
    Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
    3.作形容词的宾语   
    The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
    We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

    三、动名词作表语
    动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
    表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
    Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
    (Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
    What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
    (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

    四、动名词作定语
    动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
    a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
    a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
    a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
    a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
    sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

  • 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
    动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
    时态、语态 主动 被动
    一般式 writing being  written
    完成式
    having written
    having been written

  • 动名词使用注意事项:
    1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
    2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
    3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
    例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
    4) 有些词后只能接动名词
    acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
    detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
    hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
    recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
    5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
    it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
    there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
    6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
    remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
    例:remember to do/doing:
    ①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
    ②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
     forget与remember的用法类似。
     regret的用法:
    ①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
    ②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
     try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
    ①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
    ②Try practicing five hours a day.

考点名称:一般疑问句

  • 一般疑问句:
    是疑问句的一种。通常用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义,句末用升调。
    其结构是:系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分? 
    通常回答为:   
    肯定:Yes+主语+提问的助动词   
    否定:No+主语+提问的助动词+not 
    例如:
    Are you from Japan?   Yes, I am./No, I'm not.
    Do you live near your school? Yes, I do./No, I don't. 
    Can you speak French?  Yes, I can./No, I can't.

  • 一般疑问句的特性:
    1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am/ is/ are)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。
    如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如:
    I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖
    We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖
    2.陈述句中有情态动词(can、may、must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如:
    He can swim now. →Can he swim now﹖
    The children may come with us. → May the children come with us﹖
    3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
    I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖
    She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖
    4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
    5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如:
    Are they in town now﹖
    I think so.
    May I sit here﹖
    Certainly.
    Does he like soccer﹖
    Sorry I don't know.
    6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。

  • 陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧:
    根据一般疑问句不同的家族,可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。
    1、第一家族:含be动词或情态动词的句子
    秘诀:一调二改三问号
    一调:即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前;
    二改:改换主语称谓,即将句中的主语I\my \mines\we\our\ours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称you\your\ yours等;
    三问号:句末的句号改为问号。如:
    Eg. I am an English teacher.    →    Are you an English teacher?
    Eg. We can speak English fluently.   →    Can you speak English fluently?

    2、第二家族:含行为动词(或称为实义动词)的句子
    秘诀:一加二改三问号
    一加:即在句首加助动词Do或Does;
    二改:1、把谓语动词改为原形;2、改换主语称谓(同第一家组);
    三问号:句末的句号改为问号。
    Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?
    Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?
    特别注意:对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原,因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。

    3、加强记忆口诀:
    肯变一,并不难,can 或be提在前;
    谓语若为行为动,do 或does句首用。

考点名称:反意疑问句

  • 反义疑问句:
    表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
    反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
    1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。 
    2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
    例如:This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 
                   This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
    速记:
    前肯后否,前否后肯,前be后be,前无be后加助,时态一致。

  • 反意疑问句的回答
    前肯后否,前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如:
    (1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗?
    Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力
    (2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
    Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的, 他们工作不努力

    否定反义疑问句的回答
    当陈述部分为肯定式,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可:
    "It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的,不是吗?”“是,是新的。”
    "He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去,不是吗?”“不,他不想去。”
    此时,"Yes"即是,对前面"It's new."的肯定。

    回答反义疑问句的原则
    回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,
    如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。
    但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
    “It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?” “It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?”
    上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is."否定为“No,it isn't."
    由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用yes,否定用no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。

    口诀:
    反意疑问并不难,陈述疑问句中含。
    前后肯否恰相反,否定词缀不能算。
    主谓时态要一致,特殊情况记心田。
    实际情况来回答,再把yes和no拣。
    综上所述,反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
    对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。
    要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
    例:
    —He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?
    —Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
    —His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
    —Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。

  • 快速记忆表:
    陈述部分的谓语   疑问部分
    I/主语   aren't I / are I
    no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词   肯定含义
    含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,视为肯定含义   否定含义
    ought to(肯定的)   shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
    have to+v.(had to+v.)   don't +主语(didn't +主语)
    used to+v.   didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
    had better + v.   hadn't you
    would rather + v.   wouldn't +主语
    you'd like to + v.   wouldn't +主语
    must   根据实际情况而定
    感叹句   be +主语
    指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this   主语用it
    并列复合句   谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
    定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句   根据主句的谓语而定
    think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导   与宾语从句相对应的从句
    everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one   复数they, 单数he
    情态动词dare或need   need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
    dare, need 为实义动词   do/don't +主语
    省去主语的祈使句   will/won't you?
    Let's 开头的祈使句   Shall we?
    Let us 开头的祈使句   Will you?
    there be   相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
    否定前缀不能视为否定词   仍用否定形式.

  • 反意疑问句19条:
    1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
    I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
    2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
    I wish to have a word with you, may I?
    3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
    The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
    Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
    4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
    He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
    5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
    We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
    6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
    He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
    7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
    You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
    8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
    He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
    9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
    You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
    10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
    He must be a doctor, isn't he?
    You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
    He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
    11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth?如:
    1)What a fine day it is today!
    What a fine day it is today,isn“t it?
    2)How fast he runs!
    How fast he runs,doesn”t he?
    3)What a long time we have been waiting!
    What a long time we have been waiting ,haven“t we?
    12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
    Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
    13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
    Everything is ready, isn't it?
    14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
    a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
    Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
    b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
    He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
    He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
    c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
    I don't think he is bright, is he?
    We believe she can do it better, can't she?
    15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
    Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
    Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
    16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
    We need not do it again, need we ?
    He dare not say so, dare you?
    当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
    She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
    17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
    Don't do that again, will you?
    Go with me, will you / won't you ?
    注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
    Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
    Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
    Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
    18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
    There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
    There will not be any trouble, will there?
    19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
    It is impossible, isn't it?
    He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
    有些动词如:cost hurt hit put 等,它们的过去时与原型相同,在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.

  • 英语18种特殊的反意疑问句:
    1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句,用will you 多表
    示“请求”,用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如:    
    Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板,好吗?   
    Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况:   
    1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如:   
    Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧,好吗?    
    还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。   
    2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如:    
    Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试,行吗?   
    2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如:   
    What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊,是吧?    
    3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to,且这些词被用作实义动词时,其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如:   
    He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助,是吗?    
    4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时,反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如:   
    I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作,是吗?   
    5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时,反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如:    
    Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了,是吧?   
    6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如:   
    Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了,是吗?   
    No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事,对吗?   
    7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如:   
    This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机,是吗?   
    These are grapes,aren't they? 这些是葡萄,是吗?   
    8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时,反意疑问句的主语可以用one,也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如:   
    One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人,是吧?   
    9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few, little, seldom,hardly, never, not,  no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如:    
    He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?   
    10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如:   
       It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是吧?   
    11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,其反意疑问句用肯定结构,也可以用否定结构。例如:   
    You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到,是吗?   
    12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。  例如:   
    What you need is more important, isn't it?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?   
    13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时,其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致,注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如:   
    I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来,对吗?   
    14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思,并在句中做谓语时,其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如:   
    They had a meeting just now,didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会,是吗?   
    15. 陈述部分有have to 时,其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如:   
    You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜,对吧?   
    16. 陈述部分是there be句型时,其反意疑问句中要用there。例如:   
    There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗?   
    17. 陈述部分有had better时,反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如:   
    We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学,好吗?
    18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定;要;必须”讲,反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't;
    而当must作推测意义“一定 是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如:    
    He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理,是吧?   
    Tom must be at home,isn't he? 汤姆一定在家,是吧?

考点名称:宾语从句

  • 宾语从句:
    在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
    宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
    宾语从句连接代词主要有:
    who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。

  • 宾语从句的特点:
    1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
    2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
    3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。
    4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
    5.如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.

    宾语从句的时态:
    1.主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
    例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
    2.主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
    例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
    3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
    例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
    4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。 

    宾语从句的语序:
    A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。   
    False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.   
    Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
    B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。    
    Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.   
    Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.  
    C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
    Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.   
    Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. 
    D.  主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态。
    False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.   
    Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner

    宾语从句的否定转移:
    主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
    并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
    I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
    我认为他不会来我的舞会.
    I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
    我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
    如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
    We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
    我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?

  • 宾语从句中引导词的用法比较
    在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
    连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if
    代词:who, whose, what ,which
    副词:when ,where, how, why 等。

    (一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
    1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:
    say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
    例句:The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
    注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。
    例句:I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

    2.在以下情况中that不能省略
    a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。
    例句:He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
    b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。
    例句:Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
    c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。
    例句:I can’t tell him that his mother died.
    d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。
    例句:I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.

    (二)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
    1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
    一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
    例句:I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

    2.只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句
    a.在带to的不定式前
    例句:We decided whether to walk there.
    b.在介词的后面
    例句:I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
    c.在动词后面的宾语从句时
    例句:We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
    d.直接与or not连用时
    例句:I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.

    3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
    a.if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”
    例句:The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
    b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
    例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
    c.引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时
    例句:He talks as if he has known all about it.

    if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
    a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
    b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. 
    c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
    d.在不定式前只能用whether.
    (如:I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。)
    e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

    (三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
    这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
    用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
    1.英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
    例句:Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
    2.英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。
    例句:None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

  • 简化宾语从句常用六法:
    方法一:
    当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,
    且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。
    例如:
    Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
    →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
    We decided that we would help him.
    →We decided to help him.

    方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,
    且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
    She has forgotten how she can open the window.
    →She has forgotten how to open the window.
    注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,
    且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
    Could you tell me how I can get to the station?
    →Could you tell me how to get to the station?

    方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,
    如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:
    The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
    → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

    方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:
    He insisted that he should go with us.
    →He insisted on going with us.
    The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
    →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.

    方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:
    Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
    → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

    方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:
    It seemed that the boys were going to win.
    →The boys seemed to win.
    除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:
    I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
    →I found it difficult to learn English well.
    Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
    →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
    They found that the box was very heavy.
    →They found the box very heavy

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