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下列各句中的A、B、C、D中有一处错误,请指出每句中的错误,并在不改变句子意思的前提下,将正确答案写在题后的横线上。( )1. By the end of last week, he has read 8 sto-九年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-01-11 00:00:00  互联网

题文

下列各句中的A、B、C、D中有一处错误,请指出每句中的错误,并在不改变句子意思的前提下,将正确答案写在题后的横线上。
(     )1. By the end of last week, he has read 8 story books.                                                                       
            A              B                      C                       D
(     )2. Must I finish the work at the moment? No, you mustn't.                                                                 
              A                             B          C                        D
(     )3. Besides his scientific research, he devoted himself to work for the human rights.                                
               A                              B       C                               D
(     )4. You have to tell your parents before you go out, haven't you?                                                            
                    A               B                  C                         D
(     )5. Why don't read the film review first?                                                                                               
                      A     B                  C      D
题型:改错题  难度:中档

答案

1. C→had      2. D→needn't     3. D→working
4. D→don't    5. A→not

据专家权威分析,试题“下列各句中的A、B、C、D中有一处错误,请指出每句中的错误,并在..”主要考查你对  过去完成时,情态动词,动名词,反意疑问句,疑问词组  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

过去完成时情态动词动名词反意疑问句疑问词组

考点名称:过去完成时

  • 过去完成时:
    是把时间推移到过去某一时间之前,与现在不发生联系,由"had+-ed分词"构成。

  • 基本结构:
    主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
    ①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他.
    ②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.
    ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
    肯定回答:Yes,主语+had
    否定回答:No,主语+hadn't
    ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词+其他)?
    ⑤被动语态:主语+had(hadn't)+been+过去分词+其他

    过去完成时基本用法:
    (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。
    可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。
    By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
    (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
    He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
    (3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。
    I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
    (4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时
    She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
    (5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
    I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
    (6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的,
    那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。
    She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
    注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
    (7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。
    We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
    (8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
    It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。

  • 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别:
    现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;
    过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。
    比较:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
    I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
    — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
    — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)

    过去完成时与一般过去时的区别:
    虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
    1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
    比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
    They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
    2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。
    She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
    3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
    He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

  • 语法判定:
    一、由时间状语来判定
    一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
    (1) by + 过去的时间点。如:
    I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
    (2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:
    We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
    (3) before + 过去的时间点。如:
    They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

    二、由“过去的过去”来判定
    过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
    (1)宾语从句中
    当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
    She said that she had seen the film before.
    (2)状语从句中
    在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
    After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
    注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:
    After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
    (3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
    We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

考点名称:情态动词

  • 情态动词:
    是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
    无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
    个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
    情态动词有四类:    
    ①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……    
    ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare   
    ③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to    
    ④情态动词表猜测
    注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
    常用的有:can  may  could  must   have  use  .

  • 情态动词特点:
    情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
    个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
    He could be here soon.他很快就来。
    We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
    I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。

    基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
    基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
    What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
    I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
    You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)

    除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
    1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
    We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
    I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
    2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
    They need not have been punished so severely.
    3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
    She dare not say what she thinks.
    4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
    Still,she needn't have run away.
    5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
    Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
    She told him he ought not to have done it.
    6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
    You should have washed the wound.
    Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
    7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
    Must I read books every day、
    No,you needn't

  • 常见情态动词用法:
    1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
    2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
    must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
    must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
    must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
    3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
    needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
    4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
    5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
    ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
    ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
    6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
    will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
    7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
    8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。

  • 情态动词功能:
    助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
    基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
    情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
    1) 构成否定式:
    He didn't go and neither did she.
    The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
    2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
    Must you leave right now?
    You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
    3) 构成修辞倒装:
    Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
    Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
    4) 代替限定动词词组:
    A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
    B: Tom can.
    A: Shall I write to him?
    B: Yes, do.

    情态动词表推测的用法小结   
    (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式    
    1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。   
    (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?    
              他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。   
    (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.   
              屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。    
    2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。   
    (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了。   
    (2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。   
    3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。    
     (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?    
     (2)Can he be at home now?  他现在能在家吗?   
    注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。   

    (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态   
    1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
    (1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.  5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。    
    (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.   
               她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。   
    2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
    (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。   
    (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。   
    (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?   
              布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?    
    3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。   
    (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.  地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。   
    (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。   
    (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?    
    注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。 
    例如:   
    (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.   
         现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)   
    (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look  after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)   
    她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。   
    (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.   (虚拟)   
    汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。

考点名称:动名词

  • 动名词:
    如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
    它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
    由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
    动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

  • 动名词的结构和形式:
    动名词的否定结构:
    动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
    Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
    He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
    I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
    He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
    I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
    (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
    There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
    (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

    动名词复合结构:
    通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
    (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
    Do you think my going there will be of any help?
    你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
    The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
    这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
    Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
    They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
    他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
    (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
    Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
    你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
    Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
    我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
    (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
    She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
    她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

    动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
    (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
    We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
    His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
    但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
    I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
    On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
    Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
    Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
    (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
    He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
    We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
    (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
    I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
    She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
    The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
    He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。

  • 动名词与现在分词的关系:
    动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
    这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
    它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
    例如:
    Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
    (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
    She hates speaking in the public.
    (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

    动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
    ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
    My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
    ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
    The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
    2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
    动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
    ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
    前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
    而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
    ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
    前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
    而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。

  • 动名词用法口诀:
    动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
    Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
    用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
    用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
    用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
    否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
    说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

    动名词的用法:
    一、动名词作主语 
    1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
         Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
    2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
    动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
    It is no use telling him not to worry.   
    常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
    注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
    3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
    There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
    4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
    No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
    No parking. (禁止停车)   
    5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
    当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
    (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
    动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
    Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

    二、动名词作宾语
    1.作动词的宾语   
    某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
    admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
    They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
    I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
    Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
    每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
    2.作介词的宾语   
    We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
    Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
    3.作形容词的宾语   
    The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
    We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

    三、动名词作表语
    动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
    表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
    Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
    (Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
    What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
    (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

    四、动名词作定语
    动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
    a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
    a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
    a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
    a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
    sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

  • 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
    动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
    时态、语态 主动 被动
    一般式 writing being  written
    完成式
    having written
    having been written

  • 动名词使用注意事项:
    1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
    2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
    3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
    例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
    4) 有些词后只能接动名词
    acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
    detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
    hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
    recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
    5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
    it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
    there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
    6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
    remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
    例:remember to do/doing:
    ①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
    ②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
     forget与remember的用法类似。
     regret的用法:
    ①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
    ②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
     try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
    ①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
    ②Try practicing five hours a day.

考点名称:反意疑问句

  • 反义疑问句:
    表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。
    反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
    1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。 
    2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
    例如:This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 
                   This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
    速记:
    前肯后否,前否后肯,前be后be,前无be后加助,时态一致。

  • 反意疑问句的回答
    前肯后否,前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如:
    (1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗?
    Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力
    (2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
    Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的, 他们工作不努力

    否定反义疑问句的回答
    当陈述部分为肯定式,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可:
    "It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的,不是吗?”“是,是新的。”
    "He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去,不是吗?”“不,他不想去。”
    此时,"Yes"即是,对前面"It's new."的肯定。

    回答反义疑问句的原则
    回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,
    如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。
    但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
    “It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?” “It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?”
    上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is."否定为“No,it isn't."
    由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用yes,否定用no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。

    口诀:
    反意疑问并不难,陈述疑问句中含。
    前后肯否恰相反,否定词缀不能算。
    主谓时态要一致,特殊情况记心田。
    实际情况来回答,再把yes和no拣。
    综上所述,反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
    对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。
    要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
    例:
    —He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?
    —Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
    —His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
    —Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。

  • 快速记忆表:
    陈述部分的谓语   疑问部分
    I/主语   aren't I / are I
    no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词   肯定含义
    含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,视为肯定含义   否定含义
    ought to(肯定的)   shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
    have to+v.(had to+v.)   don't +主语(didn't +主语)
    used to+v.   didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
    had better + v.   hadn't you
    would rather + v.   wouldn't +主语
    you'd like to + v.   wouldn't +主语
    must   根据实际情况而定
    感叹句   be +主语
    指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this   主语用it
    并列复合句   谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
    定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句   根据主句的谓语而定
    think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导   与宾语从句相对应的从句
    everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one   复数they, 单数he
    情态动词dare或need   need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
    dare, need 为实义动词   do/don't +主语
    省去主语的祈使句   will/won't you?
    Let's 开头的祈使句   Shall we?
    Let us 开头的祈使句   Will you?
    there be   相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
    否定前缀不能视为否定词   仍用否定形式.

  • 反意疑问句19条:
    1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
    I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
    2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
    I wish to have a word with you, may I?
    3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
    The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
    Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
    4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
    He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
    5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
    We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
    6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
    He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
    7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
    You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
    8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
    He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
    9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
    You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
    10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
    He must be a doctor, isn't he?
    You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
    He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
    11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth?如:
    1)What a fine day it is today!
    What a fine day it is today,isn“t it?
    2)How fast he runs!
    How fast he runs,doesn”t he?
    3)What a long time we have been waiting!
    What a long time we have been waiting ,haven“t we?
    12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
    Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
    13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
    Everything is ready, isn't it?
    14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
    a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
    Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
    b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
    He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
    He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
    c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
    I don't think he is bright, is he?
    We believe she can do it better, can't she?
    15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
    Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
    Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
    16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
    We need not do it again, need we ?
    He dare not say so, dare you?
    当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
    She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
    17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
    Don't do that again, will you?
    Go with me, will you / won't you ?
    注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
    Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
    Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
    Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
    18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
    There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
    There will not be any trouble, will there?
    19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
    It is impossible, isn't it?
    He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
    有些动词如:cost hurt hit put 等,它们的过去时与原型相同,在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.

  • 英语18种特殊的反意疑问句:
    1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句,用will you 多表
    示“请求”,用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如:    
    Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板,好吗?   
    Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况:   
    1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如:   
    Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧,好吗?    
    还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。   
    2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如:    
    Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试,行吗?   
    2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如:   
    What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊,是吧?    
    3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to,且这些词被用作实义动词时,其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如:   
    He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助,是吗?    
    4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时,反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如:   
    I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作,是吗?   
    5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时,反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如:    
    Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了,是吧?   
    6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如:   
    Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了,是吗?   
    No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事,对吗?   
    7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如:   
    This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机,是吗?   
    These are grapes,aren't they? 这些是葡萄,是吗?   
    8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时,反意疑问句的主语可以用one,也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如:   
    One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人,是吧?   
    9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few, little, seldom,hardly, never, not,  no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如:    
    He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?   
    10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如:   
       It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是吧?   
    11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,其反意疑问句用肯定结构,也可以用否定结构。例如:   
    You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到,是吗?   
    12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。  例如:   
    What you need is more important, isn't it?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?   
    13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时,其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致,注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如:   
    I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来,对吗?   
    14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思,并在句中做谓语时,其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如:   
    They had a meeting just now,didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会,是吗?   
    15. 陈述部分有have to 时,其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如:   
    You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜,对吧?   
    16. 陈述部分是there be句型时,其反意疑问句中要用there。例如:   
    There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗?   
    17. 陈述部分有had better时,反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如:   
    We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学,好吗?
    18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定;要;必须”讲,反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't;
    而当must作推测意义“一定 是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如:    
    He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理,是吧?   
    Tom must be at home,isn't he? 汤姆一定在家,是吧?

考点名称:疑问词组

  • 疑问词组:
    即使由疑问词和一些词一起构成的表示疑问的词组。由how/what与另外一个词组成的词组。
    例如:
    how many (后接可数名词,多少), how much (后接不可数名词,多少), 
    how often (表示频率), what if (如果…将会怎么样), 
    what about (…怎么样), what time (几点)

  • 与how搭配的疑问词组:
    How在英语中通常用作副词,是特殊疑问句中本领最大的疑问词。他与其它形容词或副词搭配组成疑问词组
    1.How old问年龄、年代。
    How old is your friend? 你朋友多大了?
    How old is the bridge? 这座桥有多少年代了?
    2.How many问可数名词数量。常将可数名词复数紧随其后。如:
    How many pictures are there on the wall? 墙上有多少幅画?
    How many glasses of milk would you like? 你们想要几杯牛奶?
    3.How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格。
    How much money is there in the purse? 钱包里有多少钱?
    How much are the apples at the moment? 目前苹果什么价钱?
    4.How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短。
    How long is the Changjia River? 长江有多长?
    How long does it take you to do your homework every day?
    你每天花多长时间做作业?
    5.How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问, 表示“多久之后”。
    How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来?
    6.How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问。
    How often does Mrs. Green go shopping? 格林夫人多久去购一次物?
    7.How about用来征求对方意见。
    Your father is a worker, how about your mother? 你父亲是工人,你母亲呢?
    How about playing games after school this afternoon? 下午放学后做游戏怎么样?
    8.How far 问两地间的距离How tall问人(树)的高度;how heavy问重量;how wide问宽;how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。
    How far is it from the earth to the moon? 从地球到月球有多远?
    How tall is Yao Ming? 姚明身高多少?
    How heavy is that big box? 那只大箱子有多重?
    How wide is the new street? 这条新街有多宽?
    How high is the tower in Paris? 巴黎的那座塔有多高?

    与what搭配的疑问词组:
    疑问词 意思 用法 例句
    what 什么 用来问是什么,叫什么,做什么等 1. What’s your name?
    你叫什么名字?
    2.What’s your father?
    你爸爸是干什么的?
    3.what is in your box?
    你的盒子里是什么?
    what
    time
    什么时间 用来问时间 1.What time is it?  几点了?
    2.What time is it now?
    现在几点了?
    what
    colour
    什么颜色 用来问颜色 1.waht colour is your bag?
    你的书包是什么颜色?
    2.what colour is your book?
    你的书本是什么颜色?
    what
    about
    怎么样 用来征求意见或询问感受等,
    大多用于承接上面的同样问题

    1.what bout this pair of shoes?这双鞋子怎么样?
    2.what about you? 你呢?
    3.what about your dad?
    你爸爸呢?

    what
    day
    星期几 用来问星期几 1.what day is it today?
    今天星期几?
    2. what day was yesterday?
    昨天星期几?
    what
    date
    什么日期 问具体的日期 1.What’s the date today?
    今天是几号?
    2. what date is tomorrow?
    明天是几号?
    what...for... 为何目的 用来问目的,在一定情况下只可以与why互换 What did you buy that for?
    你为什么要买那个?



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