( ) 1. Howdo Lisa feel ? A B C ( ) 2. What do you do when you have the flu ? A B C ( ) 3. Which two thingshould Sarah NOT do ? A B C ( ) 4. I am going in a big trip with my parents. A B C ( ) 5. There is a football matchwith class 1 and class 3. A B C
小学涉及到的助动词主要是do,以及它的两种时态:does和did。 例:Does he work in the factory? 他是在这个工厂工作吗? Do you have a pen? 你有一支钢笔吗? He didn’t go to school yesterday. 他昨天没有去上学。 助动词do 的用法: 1)构成一般疑问句,例如: Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗? Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗? 2) do + not 构成否定句,例如: I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3)构成否定祈使句,例如: Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。 4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如: Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5) 用于倒装句,例如: Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6)用作代动词,例如: ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗? ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?
基本助动词: be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告 He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划 The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用: a. 表示时态,例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如: Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗? Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
介词分类: 一、表示地点位置的介词 (1)at, in, on, to, for at 表示在小地方;表示“在……附近,旁边”。 in 表示在大地方;表示“在……范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻,接壤,“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到……”。 (2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对; over 指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。 on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。 例:The bird is flying above my head. 小鸟在我的头上飞。 There is a bridge over the river. 在河上有一座桥。 He put his watch on the desk.他把他的表放在了桌子上。 (3)below, under在……下面 under 表示在……正下方 below 表示在……下,不一定在正下方 例:There is a cat under the table. 桌子底下有一只猫。 Please write your name below the line. 请在横线下写上你的名字。 (4)beside,behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面
二、表示时间的介词 (1)in,on,at在……时 A、in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如:inthe1950s, in1989, insummer, inJanuary, inthemorning等。 B、on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如:on May 1st, on Monday, onNew Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 C、at 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 如:at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of, at the age of, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。 (2)after在……之后 “after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后; “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
三、其它常用介词 (1)about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. I have bought a book about Shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 There are about fifteen trees in the picture. 大约有十五棵树在图片里。 (2)across横过,对面,交叉,在……的对面 Can you swim across the river? 你能游过河吗? We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 (3)along沿着,顺着. They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 (4)by 被……,在……的近旁,在……之前,不迟于,以……为手段。 The class room was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。 Miss Lucy came to China by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。 (5)for为……,因为……,至于……。 He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。 She came back to the classroom for she had lef the books in the class room. 她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。 (6)from从……,来自……,因为…… Where are you from? 你是哪里人? He diedf rom an accident. 他死于一场事故。 (7)of……的,属于…… This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。 (8)with使用、和……在一起 We write with a pen. 我们用笔写字。 Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗? 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day.
小学常见介词: 1.on (1) 在------上面 The book is on the desk. (2) 在------(哪一天/星期)What do you do on Wednesday? (3) 在------(月、日)My birthday is on August 2nd. 2. in (1)在------里面 The pens are in the pencil-box. (2)在------(哪一年/月)His birthday is in October. He worked here in 1992. (3 ) 在------(地方) He works in Dongguan. (4 ) 在------之内 What are you going to do in 20 years? (5 ) 在------(早上、下午、晚上) I do morning exercises in the morning every day. I usually play basketball in the afternoon. I often do my homework in the evening. 3. under 在------底下 There is a ball under the bed. 4. near 在------附近 There is a book shop near our school. 5. in front of 在------前面 A boy is standing in front of the house. 6. beside 在------旁边 A football is beside the door. 7. next to 紧挨着 There is a bus station next to No. 13 Middle School. 8. over 在------正上方 A bridge is over the river. 9. on the left 在------左边 The bookstore is on the left. 10. on the right 在------右边 The hospital is on the right. 11. before 在……之前 Mike sits before me. 12. after 在------以后 He went home after school. 13. in the middle 在------中间 The road is in the middle. 14. at (1) 在------(小地方) I am at school today. I was at home yesterday. (2) 在------(点钟) I usually go to school at 8:00 am. (3)看一看 Look at the blackboard. (4) 在中午 at noon 15. behind 在------后面 There is a broom behind the door. 16.for (1)给 This present is for you. (2)为了 Thank you for telling me the way to the zoo. (3)作为 We have some chips and hamburgers for lunch. 17.to (1) 到 Take your sport shoes to the P.E class. (2) 致 Happy birthday to you. Give it to your friend. 18. from 来自 I am from China. = I come from China. 19. from --- to 从------到------ Line up from shorter to taller. We have class from Monday to Friday. 20. of ------的 He is a student of Kama School. 21. by (1)在------之前 We must be at home by 6 o’clock. (2)乘------交通工具 People can go to the moon by spaceship. I go to school by bus. 22.with (1) 用 I write a letter with a pen. (2) 和------一起 He went to Shenzhen with his parents. 23. between 在------与------之间 There is a football match between Class One and Class Three. 24. into 到------里 Sharks can dive into the deep cold water. 25. like (1)象------ The twins are like their father. (2)长相------怎样? What’s he like? 26. up 向上 Put up your hands if you have any questions. 27. down 向下 Put down all the books here. 28. about (1) 大约;关于 It’s about 6:00 now. (2) ------怎么样? What about---? How about---? 29. what for 为什么 But what for?
动词短语的搭配类型: 动词+副词 1)作及物动词,例: He brought up his children strictly. 从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况: 宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。 2)作不及物动词,例: Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear) 3)既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例: The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。 The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。 动词短语的及物性与不及物性主要取决于动词短语的意思。
动词+介词 动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例: I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like) 动词+副词+介词 在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。 它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)
动词+名词 这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例: Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)
动词+名词+介词 这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,例: Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。
be+形容词+介词 be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,例: I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him.我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。
小学阶段出现的一些动词短语: do homework 做作业 watch T.V. 看电视 read books 读书 cook the meals 做饭 water the flowers 浇花 sweep the floor 扫地 clean the bedroom 打扫卧室 make a bed 铺床 set the table 摆饭桌 wash the clothes 洗衣服 wash the dishes 洗碗碟 use a computer 使用计算机 do morning exercises 晨练;做广播体操 eat breakfast 吃早饭 eat dinner 吃晚饭 go to school 上学 have an English class 上英语课 play sports 进行体育运动 get up 起床 climb mountain 爬山 go shopping 买东西 play the piano 弹钢琴 visit grandparents 看望外祖父母 go hiking 去远足 fly kites 放风筝 make a snowman 堆雪人 plant trees 种树 draw pictures 画画 cook dinner 做饭 read a book 看书 answer the phone 接电话 listen to music 听音乐 clean the room 打扫房间 write a letter 写信 write an e-mail 写电子邮件 drink water 喝水 take pictures 照相 watch insects 观察昆虫 pick up leaves 采摘树叶 do an experiment 做实验 catch butterflies 捕捉蝴蝶 count insects 数昆虫 collect insects 收集昆虫 collect leaves 收集树叶 write a report 写报告 play chess 下棋 have a picnic 举行野餐 get to 到达 ride a bike 骑自行车 play the violin 拉小提琴 make kites 制作风筝 collect stamps 收集邮票 wake up 醒来 put on 穿上 take off 脱掉 hang up 挂起 go home 回家 go to bed 上床睡觉 play computer games 玩电脑游戏 do housework 做家务 empty the trash 倒垃圾 put away the clothes 收拾衣服 get off下车 take a trip 去旅行 read a magazine 阅读杂志 go to the cinema 去看电影 eat good food 吃好东西
比较and和or ①并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。 ②但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点: There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
比较so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组; so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词; so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数] so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/ few flowers such nice flowers so much/little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
小学阶段常见的连词: (1)and(和)表示并列和对称 例:I like basketball and football. 我喜欢篮球和足球。 She likes singing and dancing. 她喜欢唱歌和跳舞。 (2)or(或者,还是)表示选择。(常出现在选择疑问句中) 例:Is it big or small? (3)if(如果……)表示条件。 例:We will go to the zoo if it does not rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去动物园。 (4)because(因为……)表示原因。 例:John doesn’t come to school today because he is ill. 约翰今天没来上学,因为他病了。 Li Lei was late for class because he got up late. 李雷上课迟到了,因为他起床迟了。 (5)but(但是)表示转折。 例:The skirt is nice, but it’s too expensive. 这条裙子很漂亮,但是太贵了。 (6)for(因为)表示原因。 例:He must be at home now, for it’s raining. 他现在一定在家,因为正在下雨。 (7)so(因此、所以)表示原因。 例:He got up late, so he missed the train. 他起床晚了,因此错过了火车。