考点名称：否定句

• 否定句：
  表示否定的句子。必须有否定词。
  否定句的构成形式：
  a. 谓语为be动词时，“be+not "一名学生。
  b. 谓语为实义动词而且没有情态动词和助动词时，“do/ does/ did+not"构成否定。 
  例：I do not like dancing. 我不喜欢跳舞。 
        He does not want to go to school. 他不想去上学。
  c. 谓语为“情态动词+实义动词”时，“情态动词+not”构成否定。 
  例：You must not smoke. 你千万不要吸烟。 
         I can not catch it. 我抓不住它。

• 否定句在英语语法中可以分为九类：
  （1）一般否定句
  I don't know this. No news is good news.
  There is no person（smoking）/not a person/not any person（smoking）in the house.
  （2）特指否定
  He went to his office, not to see him.
  I am sorry for not coming on time.
  I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
  （3）部分否定
  All the answers are not right
  All is not gold that glitters
  I don't know all of them.
  I can't see everybody/everything.
  Both of them are not right.
  （4）全体否定
  None of my friends smoke.
  I can see nothing/nobody.
  Neither of them is right.
  Nothing can be so simple as this.
  （5）延续否定
  You didn't see him, neither/nor did I.
  You don't know, I don't know either.
  He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of（更不用说）French.
  （6）半否定句
  We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
  I know little English. I saw few people.
  （7）双重否定
  You can't make something out of nothing.
  What's done cannot be undone.
  There is no sweet without sweat.
  No gain without pains.
  I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
  No man is so old but（that）he can learn.
  （8）排除否定
  Everyone is ready except you.
  He did nothing but play.
  But for your help, I couldn't do it.
  （9）加强否定
  I won't do it at all.
  I can't see it any more.
  He is no longer a boy.

• 否定转移的形式与用法：
  一、动词的否定转移
  1.形式上否定主句的谓语，实际上是否定从句的谓语
  当动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时，它们的否定式实际上是对宾语从句的否定。
  表示说话者提出一种委婉的看法或主张。如：
  I think that he will help us.——I don’t think that he will help us. 我认为它不会帮助我们。
  I believe that he is right.——I don’t believe that he is right. 我认为他不对。
  I suppose that he likes it.——I don’t suppose that he likes it. 我想他不喜欢它。
  
  2. 形式上否定谓语动词，实际上否定复合宾语
  当动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”、“find”的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时，它们前面的否定式实际上是对复合宾语的否定。表示说话者所提出的一种委婉的看法或主张。如：
  I think math difficult. — I don’t think math difficult. 我认为数学不难。
  I find the story interesting. — I don’t find the story interesting. 我认为这个故事没有趣。
  I expect so. —I don’t expect so. 我认为不会。
  
  二、动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”在下列情况下，否定不转移：
  1.这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时，否定不转移。如：
  I believe and hope he won’t do that. 我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。
  I feel and admit that we are not foolish. 我觉得并且也承认我们并不愚蠢。
  
  2.用于疑问句时，否定不转移。如：
  Do you think it is not going to rain? 你认为天不会下雨吗？
  Don’t you believe that he has done a good thing? 难道你不相信他做了一件好事？
  
  3.用作插入语时，否定不转移。如：
  Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you. 我想李蕾不会生你的气。
  Tom, I suppose, won’t be against it. 我猜想汤姆不会反对。
  Mike, I believe, hasn’t seen the film. 我认为迈克没有看这场电影。
  
  4.动词前有其他副词修饰时，否定不转移。如：
  I really don’t think it’s necessary for us to go there now. 我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。
  I feel strongly that he shouldn’t do such a thing. 我强烈地认为他不应该做那样的事。
  
  5.动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时，否定不转移。
  I thought that he wouldn’t come back soon. 我原以为他不会回来得这么快。
  She didn’t believe that he became a good boy. 她不相信它变成了一个好孩子。
  He thinks that he isn’t fit for the job. 他认为他不适合这件工作。
  He doesn’t believe that what we told him is true. 他不相信我们告诉他的事是真的。
  
  6.当宾语从句中含的否定为“not……at all”、“not a little”、“not a few”、“not enough”、“can’t help”等固定搭配时，否定不转移。如：
  I think that he doesn’t know it at all. 我想他对那一点也不知道。
  I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well. 我认为如果你想把这门语言学好，那么只记单词是不够的。
  I believe that you can’t help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games. 我相信当你在奥运会上获得第一名时你会情不自禁地唱起国歌来。
  
  7.当宾语从句中含“no”、“nothing”、“nobody”、“nowhere”、“hardly”、“seldom”、“little”、“few”等否定词或半否词时，否定不转移。如：
  I believe that nothing can make me give it up. 我想任何事情也不能使我放弃。
  I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea. 我认为如果这艘船沉入海底的话，那么谁也逃不掉。
  I suppose that he is a man of few words. 我猜想他是一个言语不多的人。

考点名称：感叹句

• 感叹句：
  是用来表达说话者说话时的惊异、喜悦、愤怒、气愤等思想感情的句子，句末用感叹号。
  其结构常由感叹词“What(How)+感叹的部分+主语+谓语！”构成。
  感叹句多由what和how引导:
  A、由how引导的感叹句的基本结构：
  How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语。
  例：How lovely the cat is! 这只猫多可爱啊！ 
   How+主语+谓语！                       
  例：Howtimeflies!时光飞逝!
  B、由what引导的感叹句有几种结构： 
  a. What+ a/ an+ 形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语 
  例：What a nice dress it is. 多么漂亮的裙子啊！ 
  b.What+名词词组+主语+谓语！
  例：What a fine day it is!
  c. What+形容词+可数名词复数（或不可数名词）+主语+谓语 
   例：What beautiful these flowers are! 这些花儿多漂亮啊！ 
  What pleasant weather it is. 多么好的天气啊！

• 感叹句的用法：
  感叹句多以how或what引导，但在口语中，还有一些特殊的感叹句表达形式。
  1．以副词here, there, in开头的感叹句。
  Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！
  There they are! 他们在那儿呢！
  2．以疑问词who开头，表示惊奇。
  Who else will read such a book! 谁还会读这样的书！
  3．以情态动词may开头，表示愿望。
  May you both be happy! 祝二位幸福。
  May you succeed! 祝你成功！
  4．否定疑问句用作感叹句时，它的意义是肯定的；但肯定疑问句用作感叹句在美国英语中比较常见。
  Aren’t they sweet! 他们多可爱啊！
  I am hungry! 我饿极了！
  5．一些短语用作感叹句。
  Dear me! 哎呀！ My goodness! 嗳呀！
  None of your nonsense! 不要胡说了！
  6．一些作表语的成分用作感叹句。
  Just my luck! 又倒霉了！
  Sorry, my mistake! 对不起，是我的错！
  7.以从句表示的感叹句。例如：
  As if were my fault!好像是我的错似的！
  To think a scandal of this sort should be going on under my roof!真想不到这种丑事竟然出在我们家里！

• 关于感叹句 what 和 how 的区别：
  一、 由"what"引导的感叹句：
  "what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。